Advances in Vaccinology and Immunoprophylaxis for Infectious Diseases

This chapter comprehensively reviews the recent advances in vaccine science, covering traditional and next-generation vaccine platforms including mRNA vaccines, viral vector constructs, subunit and nanoparticle-based formulations, and live-attenuated vaccines for bacterial and viral pathogens of major public health significance. It examines the immunological principles underlying vaccine-induced protection, correlates of immunity, and the challenges of developing effective vaccines against pathogens with high antigenic variability or immune-evasive properties. The chapter also discusses the landscape of vaccines under development or recently licensed for diseases such as respiratory syncytial virus, tuberculosis, dengue, malaria, and HIV, and addresses issues of vaccine equity and global deployment.