Innate Immunity Revisited: New Frontiers in Pattern Recognition and Inflammatory Signaling

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms governing innate immune recognition, with particular focus on recent discoveries in pattern recognition receptor biology, including advances in cGAS-STING, inflammasome assembly, and non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways. It critically evaluates how emerging insights into innate immune priming and trained immunity are transforming our understanding of inflammatory disease and host defense. The chapter further highlights translational opportunities arising from innate immune modulation in the context of infection, sterile inflammation, and immunotherapy.