Pharmacogenomics: Genetic Determinants of Drug Response and Adverse Reactions

This chapter explores the pharmacogenomic basis of inter-individual variability in drug efficacy and toxicity, covering the genetics of drug-metabolising enzymes, transporters, and receptor targets across major pharmacological classes. It reviews landmark pharmacogenomic discoveries, the implementation of pre-emptive genotyping programmes, and the role of copy number variation and rare variants in complex drug responses. The chapter also addresses ethical considerations and the barriers to routine pharmacogenomic integration in clinical practice.