Preventive Cardiology: Lifestyle, Pharmacological, and Population-Level Strategies

This chapter provides a comprehensive appraisal of contemporary primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, integrating evidence from landmark clinical trials, epidemiological cohorts, and population-based interventions. It reviews the scientific basis and clinical application of lifestyle modification — including dietary patterns, physical activity, smoking cessation, and sleep health — alongside pharmacological risk reduction strategies across lipid management, blood pressure control, antithrombotic therapy, and diabetes management. The chapter addresses health disparities in cardiovascular prevention, the utility of digital health tools in behavior change, and the promise and limitations of precision prevention approaches.