Adrenal Endocrinology: Recent Advances in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency, Cushing Syndrome, and Adrenal Tumors

This chapter synthesizes current understanding of adrenal cortex and medulla pathophysiology, reviewing new insights into the genetic and epigenetic drivers of primary adrenal insufficiency, autonomous cortisol secretion, and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndromes. Recent developments in biochemical screening, adrenal venous sampling, and steroidogenesis profiling are critically appraised. The chapter further discusses emerging therapeutic strategies, including next-generation steroidogenesis inhibitors and novel glucocorticoid replacement protocols.