Endocrine Neoplasia: Molecular Pathogenesis, Genomic Classification, and Advances in Management

This chapter reviews the molecular basis of endocrine tumors, including pituitary adenomas, adrenocortical carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, with emphasis on recent genomic profiling studies that have reshaped classification and prognostication. The role of driver mutations, epigenetic alterations, and tumor microenvironment in endocrine oncogenesis is critically examined. Advances in surveillance protocols, surgical techniques, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy relevant to endocrine malignancies are also discussed.