Endocrine Disruptors: Mechanisms of Action, Epidemiological Evidence, and Clinical Implications

This chapter critically appraises the rapidly expanding evidence base regarding environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) — including bisphenols, phthalates, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and pesticides — and their mechanisms of interference with endocrine signaling at the molecular and cellular levels. Epidemiological studies linking EDC exposure to thyroid dysfunction, reproductive disorders, metabolic disease, and developmental endocrine disruption are systematically reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of regulatory frameworks, risk communication, and clinical screening considerations.