Colorectal Cancer: Advances in Screening, Molecular Classification, and Systemic Therapy

This chapter critically appraises the current evidence base for colorectal cancer screening programmes, including colonoscopy, computed tomography colonography, stool-based tests, and multi-target stool DNA assays, situating each within risk-stratified screening frameworks. It examines the molecular and genomic landscape of colorectal cancer — encompassing microsatellite instability, KRAS/NRAS/BRAF mutational status, and consensus molecular subtypes — and reviews the implications of these classifications for targeted therapy selection, immunotherapy responsiveness, and personalised treatment planning.