Acute Kidney Injury: Biomarkers, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Outcomes

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is reviewed through the lens of contemporary understanding of its heterogeneous etiology, ranging from ischemia-reperfusion injury to sepsis-associated and nephrotoxic forms. The chapter provides a critical appraisal of novel biomarkers such as NGAL, KIM-1, TIMP-2, and IGFBP-7 for early AKI detection, and discusses the long-term sequelae of AKI including its role in de novo CKD development.