Precision Medicine and Biomarkers in Rheumatology: From Omics to Clinical Application

This concluding chapter synthesises the growing body of evidence for precision medicine approaches in rheumatology, integrating advances in genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multi-omics integration to define disease endotypes, predict treatment response, and identify novel therapeutic targets. The chapter evaluates the current status of candidate biomarkers for clinical use, discusses challenges in translating omics discoveries from research cohorts to real-world populations, and presents a forward-looking framework for stratified, patient-centred care in rheumatological practice.