Intraoperative Technologies and Surgical Navigation: Current State and Future Directions

Recent years have brought transformative advances in intraoperative neuromonitoring, real-time imaging, and surgical navigation platforms that have significantly enhanced the precision and safety of neurosurgical procedures. This chapter reviews the current evidence on intraoperative MRI, ultrasound, fluorescence-guided surgery, augmented reality navigation, and electrophysiological monitoring. It critically evaluates outcomes data and discusses the integration of these technologies across cranial and spinal neurosurgery.