Spine Surgery: Advances in Degenerative, Traumatic, and Oncological Spinal Disease

Spinal neurosurgery has seen substantial progress in the management of degenerative disc disease, spinal deformity, vertebral column tumors, and traumatic spinal cord injury, driven by advances in implant design, imaging-guided navigation, and biologics. This chapter provides a synthesis of recent evidence on cervical and lumbar fusion techniques, motion-preservation surgery, separation surgery for spinal metastases, and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in complex spinal reconstruction. The chapter also addresses outcomes in spinal cord injury and the role of neuroprotective and regenerative strategies in the acute and subacute settings.