Neurotrauma: Advances in the Surgical and Multimodal Management of Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury

Traumatic brain injury and traumatic spinal cord injury remain leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide, and advances in their acute management — spanning triage, surgical intervention, and intensive care — continue to evolve rapidly. This chapter reviews recent developments in intracranial pressure monitoring and management, decompressive craniectomy, the surgical timing debate in spinal cord injury, and multimodal monitoring approaches to guide neuroprotective therapy. It also examines the growing evidence on biomarkers of injury severity and recovery, and discusses emerging pharmacological and neuromodulatory interventions targeting the secondary injury cascade.