Cancer Screening and Early Detection: Current Evidence and Emerging Technologies

Cancer screening represents one of the most evidence-rich and policy-relevant domains in preventive medicine. This chapter provides a systematic appraisal of the scientific evidence for screening programs for major cancers — including colorectal, breast, cervical, lung, and prostate cancers — with critical evaluation of benefits, harms, and cost-effectiveness. It reviews advances in liquid biopsy, multi-cancer early detection assays, and artificial intelligence-assisted image analysis that are poised to transform the future of oncological prevention.