Three-Dimensional Printing and Patient-Specific Implants in Orthopedic Surgery: From Concept to Clinical Reality

This chapter reviews the scientific foundations and clinical applications of additive manufacturing in orthopedic surgery, examining the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing for the design and fabrication of patient-specific implants, surgical guides, anatomical models, and custom prostheses in complex reconstructive scenarios. Material considerations including titanium alloys, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and bioresorbable composites are discussed alongside biomechanical validation and regulatory pathways. Case-based evidence from orthopedic oncology, revision arthroplasty, and complex spinal surgery illustrates clinical utility, with a prospective discussion of bioprinting and functionally graded materials.