Anti-VEGF Therapy in Retinal Vascular Disease: Current Evidence and Evolving Paradigms

This chapter offers an evidence-based synthesis of the role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents in the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion. It reviews comparative efficacy and safety data across approved agents, examines emerging biosimilars, explores extended treatment intervals and treat-and-extend protocols, and discusses the implications of long-term anti-VEGF therapy on anatomical and functional outcomes.