Diabetic Eye Disease: Pathophysiology, Advances in Screening, and Emerging Therapeutics

As the leading cause of preventable blindness in working-age adults worldwide, diabetic eye disease continues to demand rigorous scholarly attention. This chapter reviews the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, evaluates innovations in AI-assisted and telemedicine-based screening programmes, and discusses the therapeutic landscape including anti-VEGF agents, corticosteroid implants, laser photocoagulation, and novel targets under clinical investigation such as neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory pathways.