Functional Urology and Neurourology: Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Therapy

This chapter provides a detailed review of the neurophysiological underpinnings of lower urinary tract dysfunction, overactive bladder, stress urinary incontinence, and neurogenic bladder, with attention to both central and peripheral mechanisms of detrusor and sphincteric control. It evaluates advances in urodynamic diagnostics, including ambulatory monitoring and high-definition urethral pressure profiling, alongside emerging neuromodulatory therapies such as sacral and tibial nerve stimulation and novel pharmacological targets. The chapter reviews outcomes data for sling procedures, artificial urinary sphincters, and injectable bulking agents in the context of modern functional reconstructive urology.