Pediatric Urology: Contemporary Challenges and Innovation

This chapter reviews current advances in the diagnosis and management of congenital urological anomalies including hypospadias, vesicoureteral reflux, posterior urethral valves, and disorders of sex development, with attention to evolving surgical philosophies and long-term functional outcomes. It examines the role of fetal intervention, prenatal counseling, and postnatal surveillance in optimizing outcomes for children with complex urological conditions. The chapter also discusses recent innovations in minimally invasive pediatric urological surgery, patient-reported outcome measures, and the psychosocial dimensions of care in this vulnerable population.