Advances in Pediatric Oncology: From Molecular Profiling to Immunotherapy

This chapter reviews the paradigm-shifting advances in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancers, with a focus on genomic and transcriptomic profiling, targeted molecular therapies, and the expanding application of immunotherapy — including checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapy — in pediatric malignancies. The chapter also addresses survivorship science, the long-term toxicities of curative therapies, and the ethical dimensions of clinical trial design in vulnerable pediatric populations.