Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Surveillance, Staging, Locoregional Therapy, and Systemic Oncology

This chapter presents an integrated, evidence-based review of hepatocellular carcinoma from surveillance through to advanced-stage management. It examines the performance characteristics of ultrasound-based surveillance and emerging biomarker strategies, evaluates current staging systems including the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer algorithm, and critically reviews locoregional treatments — transarterial chemoembolisation, selective internal radiation therapy, and thermal ablation — in the context of the evolving systemic therapy landscape, which now encompasses multi-kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and combination immunotherapy regimens.