Oxidative Stress, Redox Signalling, and Antioxidant Defence Mechanisms

This chapter critically examines the dual role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as mediators of both physiological signalling and pathological oxidative damage in conditions such as atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. Recent advances in the biochemical characterisation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, redox-sensitive transcription factors, and the therapeutic modulation of redox balance are comprehensively reviewed.