Vaccinology and Immunization Science: Innovations Shaping the Next Generation of Vaccines

This chapter synthesizes recent advances in vaccine development, including mRNA platform technology, adjuvant innovation, and novel delivery systems such as intradermal and thermostable formulations. It reviews evidence on vaccine immunogenicity, durability of protection, and the science of herd immunity in heterogeneous populations. Special attention is given to barriers to global vaccine equity and the scientific strategies being pursued to accelerate universal immunization coverage.