Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Immunotherapy, Targeted Agents, and Precision Oncology

This chapter offers a critical synthesis of recent advances in the systemic management of recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with a focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors, EGFR-directed therapy, and the emerging landscape of tumour mutational burden and PD-L1 expression as predictive biomarkers. It further reviews the role of HPV tumour biology in treatment stratification, discusses novel combination regimens under investigation, and addresses the principles of de-escalation strategies in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer.