Advances in Diagnosis and Surveillance of Bladder Cancer

This chapter reviews the rapidly evolving diagnostic landscape of bladder cancer, encompassing enhanced cystoscopy techniques such as narrow-band imaging and photodynamic diagnosis, as well as urinary biomarkers and next-generation cytology. It evaluates the evidence base for risk-stratified surveillance protocols in non-muscle-invasive disease and the role of radiomics and molecular subtyping in guiding management decisions. The chapter also addresses the clinical adoption of urine-based genomic assays and their implications for reducing unnecessary invasive procedures.