Neuromodulation in Psychiatry: Advances in TMS, ECT, DBS, and Ketamine

This chapter comprehensively reviews the evidence base and clinical application of neuromodulatory interventions in psychiatric disorders, including transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, deep brain stimulation, and ketamine. It examines the neurobiological mechanisms through which these interventions exert their therapeutic effects, and reviews recent clinical trial data evaluating their efficacy across treatment-resistant conditions. The chapter also addresses advances in personalized targeting, stimulation protocols, and the safety and tolerability profiles of each modality.