Biofilm Formation and Chronic Infections: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Challenges

This chapter examines the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation in clinically important bacterial and fungal pathogens, with emphasis on regulatory networks, extracellular matrix composition, quorum sensing, and the role of persisters in antimicrobial tolerance. It reviews the clinical significance of biofilm-associated infections in the context of device-related infections, chronic wound infections, and respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis. The chapter also critically appraises current and investigational therapeutic strategies to prevent, disrupt, or eradicate microbial biofilms, including anti-biofilm compounds, bacteriophage therapy, and nanomaterial-based approaches.