Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Oncology: Diagnostics, Drug Discovery, and Clinical Decision Support

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are rapidly transforming oncology across the full spectrum of the cancer care continuum. This chapter reviews AI applications in oncologic imaging interpretation, digital pathology, genomic data analysis, and treatment outcome prediction, evaluating the technical underpinnings of deep learning, natural language processing, and multimodal data integration, while addressing the critical challenges of model interpretability, data governance, algorithmic bias, and the clinical validation standards required before AI tools can be responsibly deployed in patient care.