Autoimmune Diseases: Immunopathogenesis, Genetic Determinants, and Precision Therapeutics

This chapter reviews current understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying autoimmune disease, with emphasis on the interplay between genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, and dysregulated immune tolerance. It covers recent developments in the molecular pathogenesis of representative conditions including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes, integrating insights from genome-wide association studies, single-cell transcriptomics, and immune profiling technologies. The chapter concludes with a critical appraisal of precision immunotherapy approaches targeting specific pathogenic immune pathways.