Biomaterials and Nanotechnology in Orthopedic Implants: Surface Engineering, Osseointegration, and Antimicrobial Strategies

This chapter examines cutting-edge developments in orthopedic biomaterials science, with focused review of surface modification techniques, including plasma spray coating, laser texturing, and chemical functionalization, aimed at enhancing osseointegration and long-term implant stability. Nanotechnology applications, including nanostructured hydroxyapatite, carbon nanotube composites, nano-silver coatings, and drug-eluting surfaces for infection prophylaxis, are critically reviewed in terms of in vitro efficacy, in vivo performance, and translational potential. The chapter further addresses host immune response modulation, tribological advances to reduce wear and particle-induced osteolysis, and the regulatory landscape governing next-generation biomaterial innovations.