COPD: Pathogenesis, Phenotyping, and Evolving Therapeutic Frontiers

This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the pathobiological mechanisms underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with particular focus on emerging phenotypic and endotypic classifications that are reshaping clinical management. It critically evaluates recent advances in pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, including novel bronchodilator combinations, anti-inflammatory biologics, and precision medicine approaches that hold promise for individualized treatment strategies.