Epidemiological Surveillance Systems: Modern Methods and Global Applications

A rigorous review of the design, implementation, and performance of disease surveillance systems at national and international levels, including syndromic surveillance, sentinel networks, and real-time digital monitoring platforms. The chapter evaluates advances in data collection, standardization, and cross-border information sharing, with particular emphasis on lessons drawn from recent epidemic and pandemic responses. Emerging challenges in data equity, privacy, and surveillance capacity in low- and middle-income countries are also critically discussed.