Functional Neurosurgery and Neuromodulation: Deep Brain Stimulation and Beyond

Functional neurosurgery has experienced remarkable expansion with the refinement of deep brain stimulation, the emergence of closed-loop neuromodulation systems, and the application of focused ultrasound for movement disorders and psychiatric conditions. This chapter reviews recent advances in DBS target selection, programming paradigms, and electrode design, as well as evidence supporting spinal cord stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Special attention is given to adaptive neurostimulation technologies and their potential to transform the management of medically refractory neurological and psychiatric disorders.