Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy in Urological Malignancies

This chapter offers a critical synthesis of the immunological and molecular rationale underlying checkpoint inhibitor therapy, antibody-drug conjugates, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors as applied to cancers of the bladder, kidney, and prostate. It reviews pivotal clinical trial data, biomarker-driven patient selection strategies, and the evolving role of combination regimens in the treatment landscape. Emerging resistance mechanisms, immune-related adverse events, and future directions in immunogenomic profiling are also addressed.