Laser Applications in Contemporary Dentistry: Mechanisms, Clinical Indications, and Emerging Evidence

This chapter offers a systematic review of the biological principles governing laser-tissue interactions and the clinical applications of major laser systems — including diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, and CO₂ lasers — across the full spectrum of dental specialties. It evaluates the evidence for laser-assisted caries removal, soft tissue surgery, periodontal and peri-implant therapy, endodontic disinfection, tooth bleaching, and photodynamic therapy, critically appraising efficacy relative to conventional modalities. The chapter also addresses safety protocols, training requirements, and the emerging role of low-level laser therapy and photobiomodulation in wound healing, pain management, and the management of oral mucositis.