Neurobiological Underpinnings of Psychiatric Disorders: From Genetics to Epigenetics

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying major psychiatric disorders, with a focus on recent discoveries in genomics, epigenetic regulation, and synaptic biology. It examines how advances in large-scale genetic studies, including genome-wide association studies and polygenic risk scoring, have reshaped the understanding of disorder etiology. The chapter further explores how environmental factors intersect with genetic predisposition through epigenetic pathways, offering translational insights for biomarker discovery and personalized treatment strategies.