Otitis Media: Immunopathology, Microbiology, and Advances in Surgical Rehabilitation

This chapter reviews the contemporary understanding of acute and chronic otitis media, integrating recent insights into mucosal immunology, biofilm formation, and the changing microbiological landscape in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination. It critically appraises advances in tympanoplasty materials and techniques, cartilage-reinforced myringoplasty, and novel approaches to cholesteatoma surgery, including canal-wall reconstruction and image-guided second-look procedures.