Reconstructive Urology: Innovation in Upper and Lower Tract Reconstruction

This chapter reviews the principles and recent advances in reconstructive urological surgery, encompassing urethral stricture disease, bladder augmentation, urinary diversion, and upper tract reconstruction following oncological resection or trauma. It evaluates the evolving evidence for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches — including acellular scaffolds, autologous grafts, and stem cell-based therapies — as adjuncts or alternatives to conventional reconstructive techniques. The chapter discusses functional outcomes, continence rates, quality of life metrics, and the role of robotic platforms in facilitating technically demanding reconstructive procedures.