Renal Cell Carcinoma: Pathological Classification, Surgical Innovation, and Systemic Therapy

This chapter offers a comprehensive review of advances in the classification, staging, and management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), reflecting the refined WHO histological taxonomy and emerging molecular subtypes that inform prognosis and treatment eligibility. It reviews the evidence for active surveillance, thermal ablation, partial nephrectomy, and radical surgery in localized disease, alongside landmark data from trials of adjuvant and neoadjuvant systemic therapy. The evolving first- and second-line treatment algorithms for metastatic RCC, including combination immunotherapy-tyrosine kinase inhibitor regimens, are critically analyzed.