Three-Dimensional Printing and Bioprinting in Reconstructive Surgery

The chapter provides a comprehensive review of additive manufacturing technologies as applied to reconstructive and craniofacial surgery, including the use of patient-specific implants, surgical planning models, and intraoperative guides fabricated via three-dimensional printing. Emerging developments in bioprinting — including the construction of vascularised tissue constructs and cartilaginous scaffolds — are discussed in the context of their current clinical readiness and future therapeutic potential.