Thyroid Disorders in the Era of Precision Medicine: From Molecular Diagnostics to Targeted Therapy

This chapter critically reviews recent advances in the molecular classification of thyroid diseases, encompassing autoimmune thyroiditis, thyroid nodules, and differentiated thyroid carcinoma, with particular attention to genomic and proteomic biomarkers emerging from large-scale profiling studies. It discusses the evolving diagnostic landscape, including next-generation sequencing panels and liquid biopsy applications in thyroid pathology. The therapeutic horizon — including targeted kinase inhibitors, radioiodine resistance mechanisms, and immunotherapy strategies — is comprehensively evaluated.