Urogynecology and Pelvic Floor Disorders: From Pathophysiology to Surgical Innovation

This chapter reviews recent advances in the understanding and management of pelvic floor disorders, including stress urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, overactive bladder, and fecal incontinence, with emphasis on integrating pelvic floor muscle assessment and neurourological diagnostics into clinical evaluation. It critically examines the evidence for conservative, pharmacologic, and surgical interventions, including mid-urethral sling procedures, native tissue repair versus mesh augmentation, and sacral neuromodulation, in light of recent regulatory guidance on vaginal mesh. The chapter also addresses imaging advances, the evolving role of pelvic floor physical therapy, and the impact of childbirth trauma and aging on long-term pelvic floor function.