Vaccinology and Adjuvant Science: Next-Generation Immunization Platforms

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in vaccine science, with a particular focus on novel antigen delivery platforms including mRNA, self-amplifying RNA, viral vectors, and nanoparticle-based systems that have gained prominence following the COVID-19 pandemic. It examines the immunological rationale underpinning adjuvant selection and design, reviewing the mechanisms of action of both classical and emerging adjuvant systems in shaping the quality, magnitude, and durability of vaccine-induced immune responses. The chapter also addresses current challenges in vaccine development for difficult targets, including HIV, tuberculosis, and pandemic preparedness.