Biologics and Regenerative Medicine in Musculoskeletal Repair: Cellular, Molecular, and Scaffold-Based Strategies

This chapter presents a comprehensive synthesis of biologic and regenerative approaches in orthopedic surgery, covering platelet-rich plasma, mesenchymal stem cell therapies, bone morphogenetic proteins, and advanced scaffold systems for cartilage, bone, tendon, and ligament repair. Mechanistic insights into cell signaling, osteoinduction, and chondrogenesis are integrated with translational and clinical evidence to evaluate therapeutic efficacy, safety profiles, and optimal delivery strategies. The chapter highlights current controversies in the field, regulatory considerations for cell-based therapies, and promising directions in gene-augmented and exosome-mediated regenerative medicine.