Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery: Minimally Invasive Techniques and Intraoperative Technology

This chapter reviews the contemporary surgical management of thyroid and parathyroid disease, with emphasis on minimally invasive and remote-access approaches including endoscopic, transoral, and robotic-assisted thyroidectomy. It critically evaluates the role of intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves, near-infrared autofluorescence for parathyroid identification, and advances in molecular diagnostics that inform the extent and urgency of surgical intervention.